Sonnenschein Lithium Inorganic Batteries meet relevant standards like UL 1642 (Underwriters Laboratories), EN 50014 (explosive atmospheres) and military standards as well as several other application oriented ones like e.g. standards for safety and alarm equipment, standards for utility meters, and others. While some of these standards do include performance requirements for specific
applications, the majority of them deals only with safety aspects and environmental conditions during storage, transport and use. No general standards exist for electrical performance of most inorganic lithium batteries. If reference is made to designations listed in ANSI C 18.1 (e.g. size AA) or to designations listed in IEC 60086, parts 1 and 2 (e.g. size R6) this pertains only to the size of the battery, not to its performance.

Sonnenschein Lithium Batteries are submitted for qualification according to the requirements of the market. Sonnenschein Lithium engineers offer their support whenever conformity of a specific battery with one of the standards mentioned below or with other standards needs to be established.

	Table 5-1 Safety tests covered by UL standard No. 1642 (revision 1999) Abbreviations: NF: no fire, NE: no explosion, NL: no leaking, NO: no overheating (150 °C), NV: no venting, (R): if requirements are not met, application is to be restricted, (M): applicable only to cells intended to be used in multicell applications such as battery packs.

5.1 Underwriters Laboratories

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) is a non-profit organization whose objective is to set standards for product safety and supervise compliance with these standards by manufacturers of components or equipment.

Sonnenschein Lithium Batteries comply with the Ul-standards as described here and in the relevant product data sheets. The following UL documentation refers to these batteries.

The safety tests covered by this standard are summarized in table 5-1. The standard also describes minimum requirements for casing, marking, protection circuits against abnormal charging and a few other subjects.

Protection against charging
Whenever lithium batteries are not the single power source in a circuit the following measures recommended by Underwriters Laboratories are relevant. The cells should not be connected in series with an electrical power source that would increase the forward current through the cells. The circuit for these cells shall include one of the following (please refer to paragraph 7.1 for a circuit diagram):

A. Two suitable diodes or the equivalent in series with the cells to prevent any reverse (charging) current. The second diode is used to provide protection in the event that one should fail. Quality control, or equivalent procedures, shall be established by the device manufacturer to ensure the diode polarity is correct for each unit, or

B. A blocking diode or the equivalent to prevent any reverse (charging) current and a resistor to limit current in case of a diode failure. The resistor should be sized to limit the reverse (charging) current to the maximum values given in the Sonnenschein Lithium Product Data Catalogue.

It should be noted here that the resistor R should be dimensioned such that I = Un / R does not exceed the given maximum values, Un being the nominal voltage of the battery.

Battery Replacement
Lithium batteries of this category are technician-replaceable unless it is noted in the data sheets or in the UL component listing that a battery is user-replaceable.

A technician-replaceable battery is intended for use in a product in which service and replacement of the battery will be done only by a person who has been trained to service and repair the product. A battery that is intended for use in a product in which service and replacement of the battery may be done by the user will be categorized as user-replaceable.

With respect to user-replaceable lithium batteries of any chemical system, UL requires several procedures to ensure that important safety information reaches the end user.

The packaging for a user-replaceable battery shall be marked with the word "CAUTION" and the following or equivalent statements: "Risk of fire and burns. Do not recharge, disassemble, heat above 100°C, or incinerate. Keep battery out of reach of children and in original package until ready to use. Dispose of used batteries promptly."

The end product with a user-replaceable lithium battery shall be permanently marked adjacent to the battery: "Replace battery with (battery manufacturer's name or end product manufacturer's name, part number) only. Use of another battery may present a risk of fire or explosion. See owner's manual for instructions." or "See operating or maintenance instructions for type of battery
to be used."

The operating or maintenance instructions shall provide the user with complete instructions as to how to replace and dispose of a used battery. This information shall include the following:

a) A warning notice stating the following or the equivalent: "CAUTION - The battery used in this device may present a risk of fire or chemical burn if mistreated. Do not recharge, disassemble, heat above 100°C, or incinerate. Replace battery with (battery manufacturer's name or end product manufacturer's name and part number) only. Use of another battery may present a risk of fire or explosion."

b) Complete instructions as to how to replace the battery ending with the statement: "Dispose of used battery promptly. Keep away from children. Do not disassemble and do not dispose of in fire."

5.2 Explosive atmospheres

Requirements for batteries to be used in electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres are published in the European standard EN 50014. Sonnenschein Lithium can support manufacturers of such apparatus by providing temperature and current data of Sonnenschein Lithium Batteries during short circuit at 40 °C and 70 °C. Most Sonnenschein Lithium Batteries comply with temperature class T4 of this standard, which means they can be used in apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres with an ambient temperature of up to +70 °C. Please contact Sonnenschein Lithium for more information on this subject.

5.3 Military standards
Because of their outstanding features with respect to environmental conditions of storage and use, lithium thionyl chloride batteries have found the interest of military users.

A special product - a reserve type cell - was developed by Sonnenschein Lithium for applications with a short or medium operating period after extremely long storage. Storage times of more than 8 years at +70 °C (!) have been achieved with this type of battery with no degradation of activation time and operating life. This product as well as several other batteries of the Sonnenschein Lithium basic series have passed environmental and safety tests described in the following military standards:

Tests described in these standards and passed by Sonnenschein Lithium Batteries include the subjects and major test conditions summarized in table 5-2. Complete test descriptions and results are available upon request.

	Table 5-2 Military standard tests passed by Sonnenschein Lithium Inorganic Batteries Abbreviations: ND: no degradation, NF: no fire, NE: no explosion, NL: no leakage, NV: no venting, FS: function of safety feature